作者:人民出版社編審 金春峰
內容提要:《禮運》是儒學和中國文化思想史的一篇重要文獻,出于西漢,它是漢儒采輯、編撰的,有三段采自先秦文獻。最關鍵的部分,是論禮與陰陽、五行、太乙、仁義的關系,這部分是漢人撰寫的,反映漢人天人同類的大禮樂觀。如以為是孔子與弟子論禮之言,就會把孔子思想漢人化、董仲舒化,會導致思想史的錯置和混亂。“大同”“小康”之說,是儒家思想,但非孔子之言。
Li Yun,which was an important document of Confucianism and the history of Chinese culture and ideology in the Western Han Dynasty,was collected and compiled by Han Confucianists,among which three paragraphs were extracted from the documents of Pre-Qin Dynasty.The important part about the relationship between etiquette and yinyang,the five elements(metal,wood,water,fire and earth)and Taiyi(world outlook of the ancient ancesters),kindheartedness and justice was written by the Hans,and it reflected the Hans' ettiquette-oriented outlook that heaven and man were similar.If it is considered as Confucius' and his pupils' idea of etiquette,Confucius's thoughts will be considered as the Hans' or Dong Zhongshu's,which will lead to the confusion of the history of ideology.The ideas of "Datong"(an orderly society based on morality)and "Xiaokang"(an orderly society based on interests distribution and etiquette)are Confucian thoughts rather than what Confucius said.
關鍵詞:《禮運》/儒學/漢儒/大禮樂觀/孔子/董仲舒 Li Yun/Confucianism/Han Confucianists/etiquette-oriented outlook/Confucius/Dong Zhongshu
“禮”指社會制度、禮文儀式和關于“禮”的理論。《漢書·藝文志》載《禮古經》五十六卷,《經》十七篇,注:后氏、戴氏。“漢興,魯高堂生傳《士禮》十七篇,訖孝宣世,后倉最明”。戴德、戴圣、慶普皆后倉弟子,三家立于學官。《士禮》十七篇即今《儀禮》。戴德所傳為《大戴禮記》,戴勝所傳為《小戴禮記》,即今《禮記》。《禮記》內容龐雜,各篇作者與時代不明。《曲禮》上下及《檀弓》上下保留了孔子與弟子討論喪制等的材料。《緇衣》《表記》《坊記》體裁、內容相似,為先秦作品。郭店楚簡有《緇衣》。漢代,《易》有孟喜、京房《易說》;《春秋》有董仲舒《春秋繁露》;《詩》有轅固生《齊詩》,申公《魯詩》,韓嬰《韓詩外傳》《內傳》;《禮》不應無漢人之說。事實上,《禮記》中《王制》為漢博士編撰。除《王制》外,有學者指出《禮運》為漢人作品。也有學者認為《禮運》為《孔子家語》中的一篇①,《孔子家語》與《論語》同為孔子與弟子論學論禮之言,非漢人所為。本文認為《禮運》出于西漢,乃漢儒采輯和編撰,其中有采自先秦文獻的,有表述漢人自己觀點的。后者最為重要。
一、對“大同”“小康”的論述
《禮運》可分四大部分解析。第一部分是首段對“大同”“小康”的論述,極可能是漢人編撰,出于漢人手筆。第二部分講天地陰陽之大禮樂觀,是漢人的新觀點。第三部分從“禮之初,始諸飲食”到“以天下為一家,中國為一人”,共三段,采自先秦儒家文獻。第四部分論禮的功用及大順境界,滲透天人感應,反映漢人思想。這種既采輯又申述己見的體裁,也見于大小戴《禮記》其他篇中,茲不詳述。